Ephedrine: The Weight Loss Wonder Drug? Essay -- Health Diet Papers

Ephedrine The Weight Loss Wonder DrugAn increasing number of people are using products to enhance their diets. A recent estimate indicates, Americans are spending some $6 billion annually on nutritional supplements, and the market is growing by 20% all year (Zahn, 1997). Of these supplements, the increase in herbal remedy use is most dramatic. Zahn holds that the increase can be attributed to the widely held belief that herbal substances are ample and harmless because of their natural origins (1997). Unfortunately, research on these supplements, herbal or otherwise, has not transmitted to the public as quickly as the diet enhancers themselves. The phenomenon leaves many consumers false by skewed advertising and uninformed about the potential risks involved in ingesting these seemingly harmless, over the counter substances. The following is an attempt to look at one particular herbal supplement, Ma-Huang (active ingredient, ephedrine), more critically. THE CLAIMS What is MaHua ng? MaHuang is an herbal supplement found in products such as Metabolife and SoBeTrim, which claim to stimulate pitch loss. It is available in the form of a pill, a powder, or a liquid and is often used in combination with other drugs such as caffeine and aspirin. In addition to being used in weight loss supplements, MaHuang is also promoted as natural ecstasy (Theoharides, 1997) and is often step under this guise. MaHuang as herbal ecstasy is also called ultimate X-phoria or Cloud 9 (Zahn, 1997). What does Ma-Huang (Ephedrine) claim to do? Produces euphoria (White, et al 1997) & (Zahn, 1997) Enchances heartiness levels (Zahn, 1997) http/... ...tp//www.gethuge.net/xen3.htm Bruno, A., Nolte, K.B., and Chapin, J. (1997). Stroke associated with ephedrine use. Neurology, 43, 1313-1316. Carek and Dickerson (1999). Current Concepts in the Pharmachological Management of Obesity. Drugs, 57(6), 883-904. Kreiger, D.R ., Daly, P.A., Dulloo, A.G., Ransil, B.J., Young, J.B., Landsberg, L. (1990). Ephedrine, Caffeine and Aspirin Promote Weight Loss in Obese Subjects. Trans Associations of American Physicians, 103, 307-12. Theoharides, T.C. (1997). Sudden Death of a Healthy College Student Related to Ephedrine Toxicity from a Ma Huang Containing Drink. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 17(5), 437-8. Zahn, K.A., Raymond, L. L., Purssell, R.A. (1997). Cardiovascular Toxicity after ingestion of Herbal Ecstacy. Journal of extremity Medicine, 17(2), 289-291.

The Murders In The Rue Morgue Essay -- essays research papers fc

In Edgar Allan Poes The Murders in the Rue Morgue, a all-important(a) statement is decl atomic number 18d ab aside how he views the inner workings of men, as well as how men interact with women in society. The narrative is based approximately the horrific murder of two defenseless women, which seems to have been committed by a mystery beast. Poe demonstrates the primitive violent forces that exist within people, curiously men, which have the ability to escape in shocking ways, often against a woman. Poe uses violence as a negative, inhumane act, in order to reinforce the nescient brutal impulses that are just under the surface of all male beings. Poe describes where the Ourang-Outang was originally taken from, with intent to embody the primitive undeveloped qualities in man. by and by being taken from an Indian Archipelago, Borneo, the Ourang-Outang is brought back to Paris, where he begins to obtain human characteristics simply by watching his master and learning through imita tion. An example of this would be when the sailor comes back to his room and finds the Ourang-Outang Razor in hand, and fully lathered, it was sitting before the looking-glass, attempting the operation of shaving, in which it had no doubt previously watched its master though the key-hole of the closet.(Poe 120) When the beast becomes terrified, and escapes with the razor still in his hand, he is depicting the idea of a mans inner beast getting loose when he fears a situation. During the scene when the Ourang-Outang was flourishing the razor about her Madame LEspanayes face, imitating the motions of a barber(121), the beast is thinking just like a human man. He is even using a human tool in order to commit these atrocious murders, which is indicative of Poes notion that all men are capable of performing horrible deeds at a time when their animalistic impulses take over.There is a stark contrast presented between polish behavior and the primitive behavior that these slaughters sugges t. The murders are so horrid and revolting that it does not seem conceivable that a human would have the ability to do the things that were done. Some of the evidence collected from the murder site included, two or three long and thin tresses of gray human hair that seemed to have been pulled out by the roots. (99) Likewise, the body of the old lady, as... ...e power. In society, it is the cerebral beings that are looked at strangely by others, which is declared by Poe when he says, had the routine of our life at this place been known to the world, we should have been regarded as madmen-although, perhaps, as madmen of a harmless nature. (95) Here he is desperately trying to show the immense divergence in the inner workings of a mans mind, which he does quite well with the Ourang-Outang representing man, as well as having Dupin, a genius, solving the crime committed. Dupin is the prototype of civilization, date in direct contrast is the beast, whom is completely barbaric and un c ivilize. Throughout the tale, Poe is able to show how all men have animalistic impulses deep down, while demonstrating how these rages are often taken out on defenseless women. He then goes on to show the contrast between man as civilized and logical, against man as uncultured and thoughtless. Poe demonstrates how either type of man can exist, yet poses the question of whether it is possible for both characteristics to be exhibited simultaneously in a single man. Works Cited1. Poe, Edgar Allan. Selected Tales. New York Oxford University Press Inc., 1998.

Statues of David Essay -- essays research papers

There have been many staues of David sculpted by famous artists like Donatello, Verrocchio, and Michelangelo. Berninis version of David and is about to begin his attack on Goliath, as he appears posing. The statue seems to be moving through space and the action suggests that the action of flinging the stone requires a lot of room around David. The statue forces the observer to look past the actual subject and focus more on the surroundings. He seems to have very sizeable legs, and appears to be ready to turn and throw a stone from his sling. This is the most dramatic pose that Bernini could have picked and was chosen because it shows a sudden burst of cypher and a moment of suspense as well. Berninis David is different from that of other artists because there is an expression of concentration that makes the statue a more imposing piece of artwork.Donatellos David was created for the courtyard of the Palazzo Medici. The statue takes on a different pose, and was one of the first fre e-standing nude statues of the ancient world. l when compared to Berninis, it is more classical. Berninis rendition is posing and relaxed like a Greek god would be. Donatello made the ancient Greek style popular during this time. Donatellos David has long flowing hair and has one of his legs placed firmly on top of the head of Goliath, representing his victory over the behemoth. He portrayed David as the slayer of Goliath and as a symbol of the independent republ...

Diverse Australian Biomes Adapting :: Adaptation Australia Essays

Diverse Australian Biomes Adapting Australia is a land of rather extreme weather conditions and widely diverse climates that force the vegetation living there to oblige in umteen interesting ways. Australia is the driest continent, and biomes such as grasslands and savannas ar prime sources of widespread catastrophic bams. The plants that explicate in the vast arid and semi-arid regions of Australia are flat to fires simply because of the desert climates that they grow in. High temperatures combined with low fuel moisture contents, little humidness and drying winds that sweep across the landscape encourage many of the plants living in these areas to burst into flames at fairly frequent intervals. Serotinous cones, protective bark, intricate underground recovery systems, unique seed distributions and even the necessity of fire for reproduction are just some of the amazing ways that the major plant families which grow in these fire-prone areas fork over learned to adapt to their environments.History of fires in AustraliaAustralia is currently the driest continent in the world and has a vast history of fire to prove it. Bushfires in the Adelaide Hills were first described and recorded in 1827, and have occurred at frequent intervals since that time. Fire weather can reach extremes in places such as Rudall River National Park in NW Western Australia. Temperatures are often above 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit), dew points can drop to 37 degrees Celsius, and the winds, uninhibited by trees, can reach speeds of 50-60 km/h (31-37 mph) at any wedded time in the year. The fuels there may appear to be completely dead, and gaps between plants may be a meter or more (Gill, 1995). In 1966 a massive fire at Brooyar, Queensland had flame heights of 20-25 meters (65-82 feet). In addition to being devastating, the fires are also very unpredictable. A bushfire in the Baulkham Hills in January of 1975 completely destroyed property and some homes, while leaving others untouched. Serious fires occur in the Dandenog Ranges at frequent intervals, and housing there has always been a difficult problem with fire control 3. Fire has also been used for centuries as an important tool for land management (ONeill, 1993).Necessary Conditions For FirePlants that grow in the vast arid and semi-arid regions of Australia are prone to fires simply because of the desert climate they grow in. High temperatures, low fuel moisture contents, little humidity and drying winds that sweep across the landscape encourage small patches of plants to burst into flames.

Portrayal of Puritan Society in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

Portrayal of Puritan Society in Hawthornes The violent Letter In the anterior sketch to Nathaniel Hawthornes novel the The Scarlet Letter, the reader is informed that one of the authors ancestors persecuted the Quakers harshly. The latters son was a high judge in the Salem witch trials, personate into literary form in Arthur Millers The Crucible (Judge Hathorne appears at that place). We learn that Hawthorne feels ashamed for their deeds, and that he sees his ancestors and the Puritan society as a whole with critical eyes. Consequently, both feed and subtle criticism of the Puritans practices is utilize throughout the novel. Hawthornes comments have to be regarded in the context of the settlers history and religion. They believe that man is a creature steeped in sin, invariably since Adam and Eves fall from innocence. To them, committing the airplane pilot sin strapped human beings of their own free will, so that God now decides about their lives. Everything that happen s is seen as Gods will, and providence plays an important role. with the sacrifice and righteousness of Christ, however, there is a chance for mass to be saved. One cannot definitely know who will be saved, although pious and faithful people are of course more likely to. The experience of conversion, in which the soul is touched by the Holy Spirit, so that the believers heart is turned from sinfulness to holiness, is other indication that one is of the elect. devotion and piety, rather than good deeds are what saves people. If someone has sinned, public confession is believed to take some of the burden of this sin take away him. The initial reason for the Puritans to circulate their homes was the treatment they had to suffer from in their native England. They were brutally persecuted and were not allowed to practise their religion, because they said that the beliefs taught by the Anglican church were against the Bible. When they arrived in the New World, they were co nfronted with numerous threats from the outside. Their severe to take land away from the Indians caused many fights and attacks. Moreover, they had to deal with the total wilderness surrounding them. Under these frontier conditions, they needed amity and peace inside the familiarity in order to survive. As a result, Hawthornes founding fathers immediately saw the necessity to Portrayal of Puritan Society in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter Scarlet Letter essaysPortrayal of Puritan Society in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter In the introductory sketch to Nathaniel Hawthornes novel the The Scarlet Letter, the reader is informed that one of the authors ancestors persecuted the Quakers harshly. The latters son was a high judge in the Salem witch trials, put into literary form in Arthur Millers The Crucible (Judge Hathorne appears there). We learn that Hawthorne feels ashamed for their deeds, and that he sees his ancestors and the Puritan society as a whole with critical eyes. Cons equently, both open and subtle criticism of the Puritans practices is applied throughout the novel. Hawthornes comments have to be regarded in the context of the settlers history and religion. They believe that man is a creature steeped in sin, ever since Adam and Eves fall from innocence. To them, committing the original sin strapped human beings of their own free will, so that God now decides about their lives. Everything that happens is seen as Gods will, and providence plays an important role. Through the sacrifice and righteousness of Christ, however, there is a chance for people to be saved. One cannot definitely know who will be saved, although pious and faithful people are of course more likely to. The experience of conversion, in which the soul is touched by the Holy Spirit, so that the believers heart is turned from sinfulness to holiness, is another indication that one is of the elect. Faithfulness and piety, rather than good deeds are what saves people. If someon e has sinned, public confession is believed to take some of the burden of this sin off him. The initial reason for the Puritans to leave their homes was the treatment they had to suffer from in their native England. They were brutally persecuted and were not allowed to practise their religion, because they said that the beliefs taught by the Anglican church were against the Bible. When they arrived in the New World, they were confronted with numerous threats from the outside. Their trying to take land away from the Indians caused many fights and attacks. Moreover, they had to deal with the total wilderness surrounding them. Under these frontier conditions, they needed harmony and peace inside the community in order to survive. As a result, Hawthornes founding fathers immediately saw the necessity to

Portrayal of Puritan Society in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

Portrayal of Puritan Society in Hawthornes The florid garner In the introductory sight to Nathaniel Hawthornes novel the The Scarlet Letter, the reader is informed that one of the authors ancestors persecuted the Quakers harshly. The latters son was a high judge in the Salem witch trials, put into literary form in Arthur Millers The crucible (Judge Hathorne appears there). We learn that Hawthorne feels ashamed for their deeds, and that he sees his ancestors and the Puritan society as a whole with critical eyes. Consequently, both open and baneful criticism of the Puritans practices is applied end-to-end the novel. Hawthornes comments have to be regarded in the context of the settlers history and religion. They believe that man is a creature steeped in breach, ever since turn and Eves fall from innocence. To them, committing the original sin strapped human beings of their own free will, so that God now decides about their lives. Everything that happens is seen as Gods wi ll, and providence plays an important role. Through the commit and righteousness of Christ, however, there is a chance for people to be saved. One cannot definitely know who will be saved, although pious and faithful people argon of course more potential to. The experience of conversion, in which the soul is touched by the Holy Spirit, so that the believers heart is turned from sinfulness to holiness, is another sign that one is of the elect. Faithfulness and piety, kinda than good deeds are what saves people. If someone has sinned, public confession is believed to consider some of the burden of this sin off him. The sign reason for the Puritans to leave their homes was the handling they had to suffer from in their native England. They were brutally persecuted and were not allowed to practise their religion, because they said that the beliefs taught by the Anglican church were against the Bible. When they arrived in the unexampled World, they were confronted with nume rous threats from the outside. Their trying to take land away from the Indians caused many fights and attacks. Moreover, they had to deal with the total wilderness surrounding them. Under these frontier conditions, they needed harmony and peacefulness inside the community in order to survive. As a result, Hawthornes founding fathers immediately saw the necessity to Portrayal of Puritan Society in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter Scarlet Letter essaysPortrayal of Puritan Society in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter In the introductory sketch to Nathaniel Hawthornes novel the The Scarlet Letter, the reader is informed that one of the authors ancestors persecuted the Quakers harshly. The latters son was a high judge in the Salem witch trials, put into literary form in Arthur Millers The Crucible (Judge Hathorne appears there). We learn that Hawthorne feels ashamed for their deeds, and that he sees his ancestors and the Puritan society as a whole with critical eyes. Consequently, bot h open and subtle criticism of the Puritans practices is applied throughout the novel. Hawthornes comments have to be regarded in the context of the settlers history and religion. They believe that man is a creature steeped in sin, ever since Adam and Eves fall from innocence. To them, committing the original sin strapped human beings of their own free will, so that God now decides about their lives. Everything that happens is seen as Gods will, and providence plays an important role. Through the sacrifice and righteousness of Christ, however, there is a chance for people to be saved. One cannot definitely know who will be saved, although pious and faithful people are of course more likely to. The experience of conversion, in which the soul is touched by the Holy Spirit, so that the believers heart is turned from sinfulness to holiness, is another indication that one is of the elect. Faithfulness and piety, rather than good deeds are what saves people. If someone has sinned, public confession is believed to take some of the burden of this sin off him. The initial reason for the Puritans to leave their homes was the treatment they had to suffer from in their native England. They were brutally persecuted and were not allowed to practise their religion, because they said that the beliefs taught by the Anglican church were against the Bible. When they arrived in the New World, they were confronted with numerous threats from the outside. Their trying to take land away from the Indians caused many fights and attacks. Moreover, they had to deal with the total wilderness surrounding them. Under these frontier conditions, they needed harmony and peace inside the community in order to survive. As a result, Hawthornes founding fathers immediately saw the necessity to

Role of communication and interactions with individuals who have dementia Essay

1. How do one-on-ones with dementia broadcast through their behaviour (1.1)Persons with dementia whitethorn communicate through behaviours such as repetition of actions or questions, this whitethorn communicate anxiety over memory detriment, boredom from inactivity, to jawk reassurance, picking at clothing due to anxiety.Aggression, this whitethorn communicate depression, an softness to rationalise, impaired judgment, tactile sensation embarrassed and fearful of humiliation, frustration that they are unable to remember what they are meant to be doing or that former(a)s do not understand their convey to accomplish tasks that they live to be important. Can find no other way to express themselves.Pacing or walking, this may communicate a trust to visit a certain attitude or person. Although the individual may support forgotten who or where. They may be bored and attempting to use up energy, uncomfortable from sitting, confusion about what they are meant to be doing or wher e they are, to enter in to past routines of behaviour that once served an important purpose that the individual feels they neediness to accomplish.Becoming suspicious of others, this may communicate that the individual is experiencing memory loss and is having difficulty recognizing familiar facesPointing and vocalizing to communicate their intentions as the individual loses the use and intellect of their vocabulary2. How you as a get byr can misinterpret communication (1.2)Not being attentive and missing behavioural communications such as picking at items, failing to baffle eye contact or being out of the persons view, not creating an environment conducive to communication (adequate lighting, low background hurly burly levels etc)Not allowing the individual conviction to process learning before continuing the conversation.Misunderstanding the intention behind a given response as the individual may mean one thing but say another. Individuals in a view as team may fail to rec ord informationand communicate with one another when they have identified a need for a behaviour and the correct response to that need. i.e., the individual may pace because they are vile remembering a forgotten routine (the need to catch the bus so they are not late for work).Asking open sort of than shut questions requiring a yes or no answer. Making communication difficult.3. Explain the importance of sound communication with individuals with dementia (1.3)We all communicate to express demand and shell out information. In order for these needs to be met there must be someone open to receive information and a receptive environment in order for information to be shared effectively. As a person with dementia already has a compromised ability to communicate, communication needs to be effective and understood or the client may not understand what is being done to them, where they are being taking. It is important that for effective communication to take place the care bestowerCrea tes an environment that supports effective communication oAdjust lighting so you can be seen and you can in tern see, adjust lighting, close curtains if excessively delightful etc.Reduce the distraction of background noisesApproach communication when there is reduced or no distracting activity in the surrounding environment oTry to make the individuals environment comfortable in bourns of temperature, seating arrangements, attempting to meet baser needs, food, drink, toileting.Presents themself in a way that supports communicationPosition yourself in a way that enables eye contact to be made (but not to invade personal space or intimidate) oBe aware of your non-verbal bodily communication, allow the individual to see your body language as they will be more receptive to this than speech, ensure your body language is in keeping with your intentions to avoid mixed messages deliveranceoRemain positive and present information in an enjoyable and pleasurable manner but avoid patronising oWhen assisting with tasks attempt to offer direction by decompiling tasks to their primitive components rather thenassuming the individual will recall how to carry out complex activities i.e. putting on shoes. Redirect the topic of conversation or activity if the individual sours distressed rather then arguing your point oAssume that the individual can understand what you are saying. If they are present while other conversations are taking place, be respectful and show dignity by not discussing them in their presence oAttempt to retain as much of the persons autonomy as is possible by offering choices, i.e. food, clothes, activity. However keep choices elementary, in the present and not abstract. Asses the individuals ability to choose as the illness progresses, simple choices can become overwhelming and may need to be revised.Assisting with activitiesDo not boss the individual allow them time to attempt tasks at their have pace. If people feel that they are being controlled t hey may resort to aggression or withdraw. oUse hand over hand techniques as opposed to carrying out tasks for individuals. evaluate efforts and avoid highlighting errors.4. Describe how 3 different forms of dementia can affect the way an individual communicates. (1.4) Vascular DementiaCaused by a serial of small strokes, Vascular dementia can compromise understanding of language, memory and ability to follow instructions. Early symptoms may include slurring of speech ( modify the individuals ability to verbally express), dizziness (affecting concentration), short term memory (affecting the ability to take in new information, adjust to new situations, settings and people). More dominant symptoms affect a persons control over bladder and bowel movements compromising the ability to communicate these baser needs, ability to process information and abstract thought affecting a persons independence and autonomy.Dementia PugilisticaBrought upon by a repetition of concussions, the dementi a comm lone(prenominal) effects a decline in rational abilities, pretermit of concentration (affecting a persons ability to hold a conversation, process information, attention to tasks). Personality disorders including psychomotor retardation (a slowing-down of thought and a simplification of physical movements affecting processing skills, learning new information, recalling learnt information and ability tocomplete tasks), exacerbation of aggression, suspiciousness (effecting trust in relationships and inclusiveness), loquacity ( decorous talkative). Huntingtons sicknessA neurodegenerative genetic disorder that affects muscle coordination and leads to cognitive decline and psychiatric issues. Some of the symptoms and their effect on communication could be Motor dysfunction, jerky, random, and uncontrollable movements may affect twain(prenominal) the individuals confidence in their ability to communicate and their ability to express and intercommunicate. Slowed saccadic eye m ovements (quick, simultaneous movements of both eyes in the same direction) may affect the individuals ability to make or maintain eye contact affecting attention, ability to read both nervus seventh cranial nerveis and bodily expression. Rigidity, writhing motions or abnormal posturing would affect the individuals ability to express themselves through body language. Abnormal facial expression, difficulties chewing, swallowing and speaking would affect both use of the spoken language and accurately conveying emotion and intent through facial expression. oSleep disturbances would leave the individual feeling tired, affecting concentration, temperament, attention and emotional state susceptibility to correctly initiate countenance actions and to inhibit inappropriate actions could affect the individuals ability to gesticulate creating, misunderstandings and possible offence. Impairment in the range of short-term memory and deficits to long-term memory may affect the individuals ab ility to retain information required to hold conversations in context, identity of others, whats their relationship, what are their intentions. 5/6. Give 3 examples of how you have positively interacted with clients with Dementia and explain how these positive interactions alter to their wellbeing. (2.1)(2.2)Although I do have pay back of interacting with people who have dementia, this was at a time when I was not a support or care worker. As I used to be a cook in a large care home, I interacted frequently with persons with dementia I will use those experiences along with the information I have learnt as a result of this unit to answer questions 5 and 6.Example oneAs I would go about my work in the kitchen at the nursing home, there was a lady resident who would often stand at the kitchen approach and would grouch to herself and occasionally look at me and say short sentences that to me made no backbone as I did not know the content. Despite not discerning much about dementia , I felt comfortable in this ladys company and felt that she was also comfortable with standing and chatting at the door her stance, demeanour, tone and facial expression supported this. I would always speak to her in a calm, clear pleasant manner as this was not only polite but reflected how she spoke in my presence. Id greet her when she came to the kitchen door and ask how she was, I would tell her about what I was doing as a running commentary (cooking, chopping, baking etc). Although she never appeared to directly interact with me I sensed that standing in a kitchen and chatting were both familiar and comforting for her, as she would spend frequent parts of her day doing this. I felt it important to accommodate her presence and interact on her terms (not pushing for answers), using parkland politeness and manners, offering information as a framework for my conversation. I believe this allowed her to feel comfortable in the social situation while lacking(p) social skills.Exampl e 2 3The only part of my job role that required me to assist individuals with daily living tasks was serving, describing and presenting their repasts to them. I would assist the support stave in serving meals as dinner was a busy time. One gentleman in particular would often become distressed when his meal was presented to him the nurse requested that when I write the meal choices on the menu board I present this particular individual with physical representations of the food for him to be better informed and have clearer expectations. Although it was not my place to help the patients make choices, the gentlemen when presented with the food items did take an interest in them and I presented him with his meal accordingly. Although the instances of anxiety unsounded remained round dinner time they did however significantly decrease. I now know that the food items were used as objects of reference and I believe it would have been of greater benefit to all residents if they received a combination of a create verbally menu, objects of reference, photographic or pictorial representations of meal choicesaccording to their individual abilities around choice making. I also believe that with the information gained in this unit, in hindsight the gentlemen in question would have benefited from a smaller range of choice, 2 items as opposed to 4.7. Why is it important to involve clients with dementia in a range of activities, give three examples of how you have done this. (2.3)As stated in questions 5 and 6, I have no experience in supporting people with dementia. For the purposes of this question I will give three examples of activity that could be get a lineed essential for most people.Humans are occupational and social beings, physically and mentally built to interact with their environments. Therefore activity would not only be a natural pursuit for all people, but, for individuals with dementia who are losing the ability to interact with the world around them, the use of activity would allow them both twist and purpose for interaction linking familiar experiences of the past to the unfamiliar experience of the present.Example1Supporting individual with their morning ablutions. This task would have taken place for almost all morning of the individuals lives, with guided and prompted support the individual may benefit from a sense of pride in appearance that would have been culturally important for members of the older generation. The support worker could reinforce the activity and the individuals attention to task by complimenting them on their appearance. There may be a range of ways in which the client chooses to cleanse themselves shower, bathing, or it may be appropriate for individuals of a certain generation to wash at a hand basin. The act of washing may hold some religious significance for the individual (Muslims are required to be clean when manipulation and reading the Quran) allowing them the benefits of their religious convicti ons.Example 2Accessing social occasions (tea at a village hall). The individual maybenefit from time spent outside(a) from their home in the company of others from a familiar cultural generation. Socialising may combat isolation, loneliness, feelings of despair, suicidal thoughts, offer the individual an opportunity to positively experience their identity.Example 3Accessing reminiscing sessions. This activity may immerse the individual in an environment filled with remnants of their formative years familiar objects, smells, clothing etc creating a sense of identity and safety, stimulating the mind and senses in a bid to prolong their cognitive abilities, believes that are supported by the preference Approach.8. Compare reality Orientation Approaches to Validation Approaches. (2.4)The validation approach attempts to offer extremely disorientated individuals (predominantly the elderly at the end of their lives) an opportunity to express what are believed to be unresolved feelings an d offers the care giver an insight in to the underlying meaningful reasons for what may be perceived as odd behaviours. The care giver attempts to empathise with the individuals behaviours, mannerisms and expressions, presenting themselves in a non-confrontational and non-judgemental way engendering trust and acceptance. Thus allowing the individual to communicate as they are able, rather than as they should.Unlike the validation approach, which attempts to enter the world of the disorientated individual, the orientation course approach attempts to focus the individuals learnings in the real world. Using prompts such as calendars, clocks, current magazines or newspapers, menu boards, staff boards to orientate them in to the time and place that they currently occupy. It is thought that continual, repetitive reminders will keep the patient stimulated and lead to an increase in orientation.However, I have lay out through researching this topic that some care givers and providers hav e adapted the orientation approach (which advocates the present time) by creating and orientating individuals to the particular reality or time that they may be experiencing.9. List the physical and mental health needs that may need to be considered when communicating with some one with dementia. (3.1)Physical needsEffects of stroke ( multiple TIAs bringing about vascular dementia) oParalysis on ether side of the bodyProblems with visionSpeech and language problemsMemory lossMuscle spasticityTremorsIncontinenceDisruptions in sleep patternsUnable to remain settled, pacingLoss of hearing and or tinnitusLoss or increase of physical sensation, touch, sight, smell.Ability to accurately form facial expressionsMental health needsDepressionSense of agencyLoss of hope, experiencing despairLack in recognition of familiar people or places resulting in possible suspicion Experiencing frustrationHeightened sense of anxietyAggressive behaviourFeeling fearfulShort and long term memory lossBecoming withdrawn10 Describe how a sensory impairment of someone with dementia can affect their communication skills (3.2)optical impairmentThe individual may not be able to accurately gauge a persons body language or facial expressions, minimising the amount of information they receive. The interpretation of light fall on objects and surroundings may be distorted resulting in confusion and anxiety.Heightened sense of smell (Hyperosmia), this may affect how an individual smells both people and places around them, they may find bodily odours, perfumes, deodorants, and cleaning products offensive, reminiscent and confusing affecting the individuals border of these smells and ability to concentrate on tasks such as communication.Loss of proprioception (bodys internal sensory network of muscle and movement), this may affect an individuals ability to express body language or gesticulate.Taste, an individual may cease to communicate their desire, choice, interest in food if eating has become a displeasurable or confusing experience due to a flip in their taste.Change in the sense of touch, a heightened or dampened sense of touch may result in individuals recoiling from another touching them to show reassurance or gain attention as the sensory information received may relay pain, soreness or not register at all.A change in sensory input of any of the senses may be distressing and confusing for the individual, affecting their concentration, experience and desire to communicate.11. Describe how an environment can have an affect on a client with dementia (3.3)A change in mental faculties, cognition, memory and mental health in a person with dementia coupled with an array of sensory impairments may affect the individuals perception of their environment in the following waysThe smell of the environment may distress individuals due to Hyperosmia.A loss of vision may alter the perception of visual stimuli, b reclaim light from a window or light bulb may wash out the visual fiel d, shadows may create the conjury of people or objects, a change in sagacity perception may alter a persons ability to gauge depth of furniture.Reactions to the alterations in visual perceptions may be interpreted with fear, confusion, anxiety as objects may appear different to what they are, or the individual is unable to correctly get a line or comprehend their purposeThe environment can be arranged to effect positive change, the dcor and items can be chosen toresemble familiar surroundings from a time or era that the individual is remembering. The Orientation Approach fills the environment with informative and stimulating objects (present time frame) large clock, calendar, staff board, meal board, current literature.12. Describe how your behaviour and that of other carers can have an affect on a client with dementia (3.4)The care giver needs to consider the way they speak whether it is positive or negative, does it show that you are attentive and caring, if a carer rushes thei r speech or does not allow the client time to respond, it may convey a lack of respect and that they dont want to be there. The messages that the carers body language communicates must not be at odds with their verbal content this may create confusion and appear as insincerity. The carer must be focussed on the needs of the client, not becoming distracted by personal discussions with other carers at all times the chosen language must be that of the clients while in their presence. Interpersonal staff conversations conducted while staff are delivering care show a lack of respect and compassion, the client may not feel that they have a right to talk if they are not involved or may become distressed about the content of conversation and feel a need to become involved. Clients may feel that they can assist with a staff members personal problems, offering money or possessions, accepting gratuity is both unethical and would be in contravention of the code of conduct.This may be interprete d by clients as payment for preferential services or as theft after a client having forgotten there offering discovers their money or possessions gone. Carers need to remain professional and stick to their roles as draw in their job descriptions if the client should request services that are in contravention of their role, the carer should politely decline the request and seek support/advice from their manager if they feel it necessary.13. Describe how the use of language can hinder positive interactions and communications. (3.5)Clients with dementia will be experiencing a deterioration in theircognition, attention, memory, producing and understanding language, learning, reasoning, problem solving. It is then necessary that the carer not only use their language and communication skills appropriately but they also recognise deficit in the clients abilities and change their approach accordingly. The clients deterioration in cognition will result in a struggle to comprehend both spok en and written language if a client does not understand information they are more likely to withdraw and accept their confusion with feelings of embarrassment and ineptitude rather than seeking clarification. The carer should be attentive to the clients communication needs noticing if they are struggling to understand, offering the information in a more appropriate way. The carer should always adapt their vocabulary to that of the clients considering the use of slang, euphemism, colloquialism, allowing time to process and respond, realising that the clients may have lost the ability to ask questions and seek clarification.

Book Review on The Lucky One Essay

In the blink of an eye, something happens by chance when you least expect it sets you on a passage that you never planned, into a future you never imagined. What if someone had saved your life before you even met? How far give you travel to find love? result you engage in a journey of love and luck that will change your life forever? Will you take the quests to happiness when you survive to yourself that you will be taking risks and that the journey you will take is a trial-and-error thing? For him, that was all possible. He was a wonderful man. And when a man is that special, you know it sooner than you think possible. You recognize it instinctively there will never be an otherwise one like him. He was Logan Thibault, a one of a kind man who sets step to the fore a journey to find a girl, who was believed to be his lucky charm. Meeting her embarks the roller coaster ride of love, luck, fortune, romance and big secrets.literary Work and Comment The literary work of Nicholas Sp arks is a brilliant one. He had narrated a stratum of love and romance, of luck and journey. But like any other stories, this depicts lives of people. This is less dreamy and is more realistic even at times pragmatic in spite of the belief in a lucky charm. The story revolves around the life of a U.S. Marine during his third tour of duty in Iraq and the photograph he had found. That was a photo of a smiling adolescent woman half buried in the dirt.His first instinct is to toss it aside. Instead, he brings it back to the base for someone to claim, but when no one does, he finds himself always carrying the photo in his pocket. Soon Thibault experiences a sudden streak of luckwinning poker games and even surviving deadly combat that kills 2 of his closest buddies. Only his best friend, Victor, bes to have an explanation for his good fortune the photographhis lucky charm. Back home in Colorado, Thibault arseholet seem to get the photoand the woman in itout of his mind.Believing th at she somehow holds the key to his destiny, he sets out on a journey across the farming to find her, never expecting the strong but vulnerable woman he encounters in Hampton, North CarolinaEliza directh, a divorced mother with a young passwordto be the girl hes been waiting his whole life to meet. Caught off guard by the attraction he feels, Thibault keeps the story of the photo, and his luck, a secret. As he and Elizabeth embark upon a passionate and all-consuming love affair, the secret he is holding will soon threaten to tear them apartdestroying non exclusively their love, but also their lives.Theme and PurposeThis story is melodramatic and is more realistic. The creator has always written stories where happiness and tragedy meet, full of little coincidences that may change peoples lives forever. The stories he wrote often are sentimental, since they are always about quests for love and romance and all about sadness as well. The author had presented us how a marine lived his life during the times when he was on a duty in Iraq. A lot of scenes in the bracing were inspired with the timely events that had happened in Iraq back in 2008. During that time, that war in Iraq dominated the front pages of newspapers and is headlines on almost all television networks all everywhere the world. But then, what the author is pointing out here is that stories about military men and personnel are often personal and focuses on their families or the struggles they faced upon returning home.Thus, the author wanted the readers to have a picture on their minds on what a marine officer is encountering mainly the preparations before the war, during the battle and after their duties. The author wanted us to be more aware on how a marine fought battles. He wanted his readers to experience, even by just reading his work, how to piling things when you are in a real battle in a vast battlefield. Bottom line of it all, the author wanted us to picture out strengths and deter mination from the main characters of the story.He wanted us to know and feel that pursuance on a certain thing you are into could give you a prosperous life. He is giving us an example, for us to reflect on ourselves, how to deal with problems. Problems are our enemies and every day we are dealing with it. We are sprightliness in a great battle field and for you to win and conquer it all, we must(prenominal) have strengths in ourselves and be determined luxuriant to pursue everything we ought to do. We must believe that we can beat every problem that will come in our way. This are just spices in gaining a fruitful life ahead.Techniques useThe author had offered us a good story line. This story is surely be loved by avid romance novel readers most curiously because of the beautiful plot he had created. The twists and turns of events are unpredictable that will surely make you crave for more of his works.The very first thing I had find was the flashback technique the author had apply which is very common for all stories using this may not let readers enjoy because they already know this kind of technique. So he had come up with a technique that you will notice from this certain novel and that is by using the voice of the characters. The author is writing in the limited third-person omniscient, thus allowing the reader to feel almost first-person closeness with the character, while still allowing all the characters to participate.Each chapter is told through the perspective of a single character. For example, in chapters labeled Thibault, only Thibaults thoughts are included. Anything another character does is seen through his perspective, one that Thibault must only assume. If hes talking to Beth, he can intuit what shes thinking, but the readers are never allowed to know for sure. Until, of course, the next chapter arrives (perhaps labeled Beth) where she might reflect on what shed actually been thinking.Its a powerful form of writing and the author had u sed it effectively. He had overcome the challenge to make each characters voice distinct enough to be immediately recognizable. In other words, the readers were able to know whos talking, even if the chapter hadnt been labeled at all.There was a learning crook associated with this. It made the development of the relationship between Thibault and Beth a bit more difficult (since it was only through one persons eyes at any given time), but on the other hand, it made the characters themselves a bit easier to craft. And some voices were more difficult than others. Then, of course, theres the challenge of keeping the story linear. Thats a bit tougher to do when writing with this form of literary voice.This kind of technique used by the author is somewhat puzzling at first but as you go on reading the story, you will gradually understand and grasp the technique implied. It is so great that someone had done this kind of technique in writing because not all writers, regardless of what genr e they are into, are good in narrating stories with this kind of technique. notionThis is a great story indeed. Nicholas Sparks had written such a beautiful romance novel. His work is elevated by a very persuasive flair of storytelling. Readers are not expected to read his books because they are true but because they ought to be true.The story is very well plotted. The sequencing of events as well as the techniques used is very much commending. Sparks writes in such a way that it keeps you informed, seduced, captivated, and never bored. The chapters move along swiftly and it is written so well that you are not struggling to make it through each chapter.Each chapter would focus on a particular character and the chapter would be titled with their name Thibault, Beth or Clayton. I loved that we got to delve into every characters lives. Everyone was explored with the same amount of back story. You never felt a lack of information. The storyline stays true and progresss to an exciting climax. Sparks knows how to build a story and keep a reader anxiously turning pages. This is my first time to read a Nicholas Sparks novel and I surely bet this wouldnt be the last because I had enjoyed reading it. The way he presented his work to his readers is so much appealing that you will surely crave for more.

The Increasing Value of Information Technology

Information engine room is any field that involves computer technology. This includes hardw atomic number 18 maintenance, software development, networking solutions and technical support. Modern businesses all everywhere the world rely on computers to function and maintain high standards of efficiency and client service. Without IT professionals, companies would not start qualified professionals to help maintain the technological elements underlying to their daily business expects. Why does I. T needed on Business? Speed Nowadays what the businesses need is the sheer speed at which computers and related technologies spate process information. Email is a perfect example, as it eliminates the need to check several(prenominal) days for a packet of documents to reach a client or business associate.IT can speed up the cadence it takes new products to reach the market. Computer-assisted design and manufacturing software speed up decision making. From innovations in microprocessors to efficient do drugs delivery systems, information technology helps businesses respond quickly to changing customer requirements. Efficiency Increased speed often leads to increased efficiency. While eliminating the need to wait for packages or sensitive materials to arrive, businesses are able to receive and respond to changes instantly. This improved response time almost guarantees a higher chance at eliminating effectiveness issues by allowing businesses to react quickly.* Multi-Tasking Another business advantage of information technologies is the ability of computers to perform multiple tasks simultaneously. Provided the hardware is ble to support it, the operator may have several different programs functioning at the same time. For example you have a client and you are making conversation with him/ her but at the same time you need to complete the financial report of the company. With the help of I. T. you may chat with your client at the same time you use the excel for the f ast computation. * base Cost IT allows companies to reduce transaction and implementation costs. For example, the cost of a desktop computer today is a fraction of what it was in the early 1980s, and yet the computers are considerably more powerful.IT-based productivity solutions, from word processing to email, have allowed companies to save on the costs of duplication and postage, while maintaining and improving product quality and customer service. Uses of I. T in Business Online Advertising One of the main advantages of information technology is the ability for companies throughout many different industries to advertise their products and services via the mesh An example of this is Facebook advertising, as of now many sellers are using this social networking site to post their adds and some of them started their business in facebook .Money Transfer Online shopping, commit payments and funds transfers are also key examples of how businesses utilize information technology. By a llowing consumers to access products and services from any computer, whether at work or at home, companies have made it easier than ever for people to move money. For example nowadays in business transferring money is not a problem anymore because of I. T with only one click in Mozilla or in Google chrome you can search any online money transfer, unlike few centuries ago you still need to go to the nearest money gram.Communication One of the most powerful business tools that technology was provided is the ability to communicate worldwide almost without restrictions. E-mail and weave cameras have greatly increased the efficiency of conference calls by allowing meetings to be conducted internationally. For example cellular phones and laptops are the most useful things that were created by the I. T. with the help of cellular phones you can call any business partner you need to make an important conversation, anytime and aywhere. Portability The development of laptop computers and cel lular phones have allowed anyone to work from anywhere.As technology enables us to make powerful computers smaller, we become free to travel or even exercise while still monitoring our businesses. Data Storage each business had to maintain enormous stockpiles of paper documents, technology has enables the modern business to minimize the amount of files they must warehouse. The first rule of Information Technology charge is that one copy of business data is never enough you have to secure your business data by backing it up. An example of this is the portable tawdry drives. With just one click you have double copy of your file. Ihat t give us not just hard copy but also soft copies.

Annexation of Hawaii Essay

The decade of the 1890s marks a diplomatic watershed in the Statesn history. During that period the unite States embarked upon a very assertive expansionist policy that led to the res publica becoming an imperialist power by 1900. The reasons for this tilt from an es moveially low-key, isolationist foreign policy stance to an aggressive involvement in world affairs involved fundamental changes in the American parsimoniousness and the attitudes of the American people. The industrial revolution of the last quarter of the 19th century was the primary factor in the shifting foreign policy. As the nation became much industrialized it began to look overseas for new markets for its manufactured goods and for new sources of raw materials to feed the growing industrial system. To protect these foreign markets and raw materials the fall in States began to enlarge its power and influence overseas through the acquisition of trading centers, naval stations, and coaling ports. Indeed one of the major differences between the expansion of the 1890s and previous decades was that the nation did not see these new territories as potential states to add to the nation, but as spheres of influence in the aid of foreign trade.Two other elements entered the expansionist/imperialist equation. One was the closing of the American frontier in1890. When the Census report of that year proclaimed that there was no more frontier it meant that the nation could no longer pursue its twin goals of territorial expansion and isolation from world affairs. One or the other would have to be abandoned since there was no more contiguous territory to annex. The expansionist impulse proved stronger than the isolationist one and the nation began acquire an overseas empire. A second factor was the disposition to spread the Christian gospel abroad, which meant securing an opening for American missionaries overseas. Militant Christianity reinforced the mood of American expansionism. A classic example of the intertwining of economic and sacred impulses was fall in States annexation of Hawaii. The first Americans to settle in Hawaii were Christian missionaries whose families remained and exerted a growing influence over the Hawaiian economy.By 1890 American economic and religious interests in the island kingdom were a permanent feature of the society. When the McKinley tariff bill of 1890 sought to stimulate the American sugar beet industry by placing a duty on imported sugar and giving a two cent a pound bonus for domestically grown sugar, the American-owned sugar companies set about a serious economic problem. From the standpoint of the American sugar companies in Hawaii the answer to their economc problem was simple have Hawaii annexed by the United States so that Hawaiian sugar was domestic, not foreign grown. The flaw in that solution was that the Hawaiian people had no desire to become American. This popular hatred to annexation was reflected in the refusal of the Hawaii an leader, Queen Liliuokalani, to request an American take-over. The sugar company executives, with the timely assistance of a contingent of American marines who marched through capital of Hawaii to protect American lives and property, simply staged a political coup and asked for annexation.After President Cleveland refused, President McKinley acquiesced in 1898. Americas desire to brood its influence beyond its borders was not limited to overt acts of annexation. In the case of a boundary dispute between Venezuela and British Guiana, United States action took the random variable of a virtual diplomatic ultimatum to England, insisting that Britain send no troops to press its boundary claims. The United States would set up a boundary commissioning to arbitrate the dispute and determine the legitimate boundaries. After initially declining American good offices, Great Britain accepted after U.S. Secretary of State Olney asserted that the United States was practically sovereign in th is hemisphere and threatened military action. This rather high-handed maneuver reflected growing U.S. power of persuasion. The most dramatic example of Americas increasingly imperialistic foreign policy was the Spanish-American War of 1898.After having remained aloof from Cubas previous attempts to throw off Spanish rule, the United States pick out a more interventionist policy when another Cuban revolt erupted in the 1890s. The American people were sympathetic with the Cuban cause and their exchange cry became Cuba Libra, fire Cuba. A sensationalist American press, led by New York City newspaper publishing magnate William Randolph Hearst, played up Spanish atrocities against the Cubans and ran front rogue stories about the Cuban struggle for freedom. Hearst even sent a photographer to Cuba with instructions to send back pictures of Spanish atrocities. In addition to yellow journalism, anti-Spanish emotions were aroused up by the publication of a private letter written by the Sp anish ambassador to the United States, de Lome, considered insulting to President McKinley. Another proceeds fanning the flames of struggle fever was the sinking of the American battleship Maine in Havana.Eventhough there was no proof of any Spanish involvement the rallying cry for pro- struggle forces became Remember the Maine, and to hell with Spain. Even though Spain, trying to avoid confontation with the United States, responded favorably to a diplomatic ultimatum from the State Department, McKinley yielded to popular pressure for war and delivered a war message. Congress, sensing Americas mood, declared war. Congress declaration of war was soon accompanied by the Teller Resolution hopeful that the United States would not annex Cuba as a result of American intervention in its behalf. When the brief, successful war ( a splendid little war in the words of our Secretary of State) was ended, however, the Platt Amendment, incorporated in an American-Cuban treaty, accorded the Unite d States the right to intervene in Cuba to preserve its independence and maintain law and order. In consequence this amendment gave the United States a quasi-protectorate over Cuba.And while the war did not lead to U.S. acquisition of Cuba it did result in United States annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippine Islands (acquired from Spain). The Philippinos express their aversion to becoming an American territory by engaging in a guerilla war against the U.S. when annexation was proposed. Indeed the Philippine insurrection against the U.S. was more costly in terms of money and American lives lost than had been the Spanish-American war. Nor was everyone in the U.S. in favor of Philippine annexation. Anti-imperialists claimed that the Philippines might involve us in a war in the Far East, and that forced annexation violated the traditional American belief in government by the consent of the governed. American roil leaders joined in opposition to acquisition lest it lead to the i ntroduction of cheap Philippine labor.American racism also rallied against acquiring yellow-skinned Americas desire to extend its economic influence to the Far East through opening up trade with China led to yet another diplomatic confrontation. By 1900 China had succumbed to European imperialism in the form of spheres of influence each of the major European powers and Japan had established. Concerned that this would lead to those powers excluding the U.S. from the China trade the U.S. sent a round-robin diplomatic note to all of them asserting that it was the U.S. policy, and assumed it was theirs as well, to provide an indeterminate Door for trade with China. This was followed by a second Open Door note affirming respect for the territorial and administrativeintegrity of China. Reluctantly most of the nations gave lukewarm assent.

Report on Talent Planning in Organisations

Human Resources Management Resourcing endowment Activity 1 Report on Talent curriculumning in Organisations F work onors that affect an organizations approach to attracting talent Companies are offering attractive packages for educated and talented people who have interest it the role with in the company for example * Pension private pensions schames with in the company , retirement programs * Flexi time of formulate where employee domiciliate chose when he is able to work once the work load is done by dead line time, giving opportunity for work life balance * Learning opportunities- the company gives ability to learn and obtain down skills PDP plan and also offering courses, or finance degree programs for employees in order to develop company * Attractive and fair solary- employees are working at different levels of performance also at different grades within the company, the knowledge that the hard work is going to be rewarded Three organizations benefits of attracting and retaining o various(a) work force Trzy organizacje korzysci z przyciagniecia i utrzymania o. roznorodnych pracownikow) * The company can gather huge amount of talent from all around the world, which might not find it the country of kickoff of the company. * Different people different approaches from all around the world can help company to expand to different markets * Many organizations recognise that a diverse workforce helps the organization understand and respond to the needs of an increasingly diverse client baseThree factors that affect an organizations approach to recruitment and selection Trzy czynniki wplywajace na podejscie do organizacji rekrutacji i selekcji The factors can be internal and external the example of internal approach is * enlisting policy- which include general recruitment policies and terms of the organisation, recruitment services of consultants, recruitment of temporary employee, unique recruitment situations, selection process, job descriptions, te rms and conditions of the battle. * Cost of recruitment process- who is recruiting do they have skills indispensable is it agency . External factor could be * Unemployment rate where employer is setting the recruitment process at very high level and is looking for high qualified and skilled people because of amount of candidates much or less suitable for the role, to choose the best one, also salary offered can be lower because of economic situation. * Image of company- is company the employer of choice Recruitment methods Internal recruitment Where company is preparing job specification and skills desirable and is looking for employee within the company who can take position offering promotion or transfer to different department * External recruitment outsourcing where empoyer is advertising externally in newspapers, online the position he is seeking for with full job description and skills needed * Agancy recruitment- where employer is handing the recruitment proces to the recruitment agency paying fee for finding right candidate. Selection methods * Interwiew- the most popular technique,the interview is great for information exchange amid applicant and interviewer regarding an applicants suitability and interest in a job the employer seeks to fill.Since interviews can be rather flexible, any missing pieces of information about an applicant can be collected at this time. * Test If this is an important part of the role, it may be worth using a test, for example if some IT skills are needed for the posts, such as Access database skills, using test you can quickly eliminate candidates which wouldnt know the answer to the questions asked. * Presentation- In assessing presentations, it is important to have determined on the criteria against which each candidate will be marked. How the person communicates with the panel and gets their points across, as well as how they interact with the members of the panel.Purpose of induction and how they benefit one- on-ones and organisations It is process of bringing, introducing, familiarising a new recruit into the oraginsation. This program familiarises the new employee about the culture, accepted practices and performance standards of the organization. Induction training is very essential for any company because it helps an individual or new recruit to grow within a company and motivates him. New employee is more confidence. During induction new recruit gets to know about the organisations employment philosophy, physical work environment, employees rights, employees responsibilities, organisation, culture and values and also with key business processes.Induction program should include all the aspects of the organisation and present for the awareness of the new employee. akin emergency procedures, facilities, safety issues, rights of the employee, what to be paid, no harassment, equal opportunity, grievance procedures, employee responsibilities, times, conduct standards, job function, dres s requirements, organisational structure, what it does, how they fit in, who is their Manager, the functions of different departments, how the employee will be managed, what the performance circumspection process will involve, and his role in that process. The benefits for the organisation is also visible as they get to push forward the way they wish their new employees to act and to tell them exactly what is expected of them.A successful workforce is one that everyone knows what their role is and how to complete the tasks assigned to them. Therefore, without an induction day, time and money can be mixed-up further down the line when the stave member doesnt meet the required standard due to not being told exactly what is expected of them. Induction Plan that identifies areas to be covered, timelines and those involved in the process It is very important for all staff and company to have induction plan in place it valuate the information that staff members are getting when joining the organisation or being transferred from another department. * Show location of food, drink and bathrooms as a unclutter priority, so the person could move around the building comfortably. Tell existing employees about the new person, and encourage them to stop by and say hello, visit and orient around the facility the new person will be based in that will let new employee to be wrap to most of the staff * We can provide chart and office/building seating plan, to help make sense of of people, names and departments. * contrive all security and passes ready and waiting. * Have a trusted team member explain the unwritten rules and subtleties of office politics. * emergency procedures should be discus while inducting * explaining one more time duties, responsibilities and introduce person to report to Staff induction plans set the tone of the relationship between employee and employer. With thought and a small amount of prior organisation, you can get the relationship off to a fl ying start by using an effective staff induction plan. .

Politics, Policy, and Change in Nigeria Essay

Volumes render been written on the subject of politics, policy, and social commute. In this section, I will offer nonhing much than simple facts, plain arguments, and reciprocal sense. I will emphasize the important roles of leadership and group cohesiveness to effect change. Because the direction of change in a society depends on the way of life in which resources ar mobilized by the leader, and the attitude of the batch toward change. The ruler moldiness be concerned with the commands of the ruled, and must strive to gain their support. But with long-standing social prejudice in a multi-ethnic society such as Nigeria, this has non been very easy.The concept of politics is diverse. Aristotle and Plato defined politics as a concern with general issues affecting the whole community. This involves the pursuit of the familiar interest, the operation of the relegate, and the formulation and execution of public policy. Contrasting public concern with clannish matters, they v iewed the public concern as mor tot onlyyy superior. Thus, political leaders exact the responsibility to conform to constructive ideas and actions with perfect goodness (Andrain 1975, pp.12-20).In addition, It is the art or apprehension concerned with winning and holding control over a government. It involves competition between various interest groups (parties) or individuals for power and leadership in a government or other group. The winning party guides or exercises policies, and the distribution of resources in that polity (Dike (forthcoming) marvellous 1999). In other words, politics does involve the beat for power and wealth that is, the production, distribution, and use of scarce resources. Historically, some leaders curb sought the common good and others a private good. But without the politics of lawfulness (that is, doing what is right), a leader may not bring about the necessary changes that would benefit the general public. How does one differentiate actions tha t ar for common from those that are for private? The effects of a particular policy decision are the determining factors.The act upon of making and implementing decisions involves cooperation and competition, both of which may lead to social change. As umpteen writers have noted, m each factors are involved in social change no single factor buttocks adequately account for it (Lauer 1982, p. 37). And as a society, our needs great deal be fulfilled only through the cooperative efforts of everyone. Change or social change is defined as significant revolution of social structures. And social structures here mean the patterns of social action and interaction, which include norms, values, and pagan phenomena (Moore 1967, p.3). Others have defined change as variations or modifications in some(prenominal) aspect of social process, pattern, or form it is also any modification in established patterns of inter-human relationships and standards of conducts (Fairchild, ed. 1955, p.277, a s cited in Lauer 1982, p.4).As we have seen, change can start anywhere. In fact every system is to some extent altered by changes in any of its parts. Given our leaders penchant for spoilion, Nigerians are cautiously optimistic about the positive changes that are presently taking place in Nigeria. And since what has been on the minds of the world is that Nigeria is bad, we have to get our act together. by and by that we can say to the world, You held me in contempt, now look at me. Am I so contemptible? (Allport 1979).Can the present political leadership keep abreast the tempo of positive social re-engineering going on in the nation? For any intended change to occur in a society the people must be convinced by the leaders that such a change is both possible and desirable. Hence the need for systematic set of ideology that reflects the feasibility and desirability of particular change. Ideology interprets the past, fake meaningful the present, and portray an ideal future.Lack of political ideology is a serious problem in Nigerian politics. Strangely, some politicians are known to have discounted the importance of ideology in politics. And since some of them are not committed to politics or majority rule ideologically, they tend to waffle on issues. Consequently, nobody is held responsible for any policy failure in the society. For our politicians to behave, we should device means to hold them responsible for their actions or in-actions.In an educated and politically mature society the vote is the ultimate weapon of the people. But we must positively change our personal attitudes to be able to change the social structure. For in part, at least, the structure is the product of the attitudes of many single people (Allport 1979, p.507). Why is good value and virtue essential for the survival of a polity such as Nigeria? Can a leader successfully govern a vibrant society without an ideological compass?Policies and decisions constitute a crucial part of politica l leadership. Usually when the majority of a population refuse to accept certain policies as binding, this would move committed leaders to make changes in the various parts of the system the content of the policies, the ruling personnel, the governing structures, or even the society over which the policies have jurisdiction. This is a democratic process that Nigeria should strive to adopt, if it needs to survive as a democratic nation. In a democracy there is no room for arbitrariness. Policies must be debated, and good too before implementation. To underscore the feelings of many well-meaning Nigerians, we cannot afford to fail this time around.Policy represents a set of decisions taken in response to particularized problem. Some good examples are the recent actions of president Obasanjo the setting up of a panel to probe the human rights abuses since 1993 to probe abandoned projects since the mid-1970s the loss of the contracts and the major appointments made by the Abubakar mi litary regime. Justice Chukwudifu Oputa is the chairman of the human rights panel, while Alhaji Iguda Inuwa is the chairman of the committee on abandoned projects. Lets not neglect the present favorable and inviting period in Nigeria. Instead of gazing at each other with suspicious or doubtful curiosity, lets flux and expose those who have dragged us to the mud.The civil rights panel will identify the persons involved in the various abuses, the nature of the abuses, and the policy responsible. It will also suggest measures to ameliorate the problems and formulate strategies to forestall incidence of human rights abuses in the society in future. All these policy actions have drawn praises from within and outside Nigeria. However, all these probes will not have the desired effects if their recommendations are not implemented. Legal action, proper reparation, and exposure in the press may be the get around ways to curb corruption, and moderate social discontent. Perhaps nothing frig htens politicians more than chastisement in the press.President Obasanjos boldest policy decision so further has been the retirement of 149 political-senior military and police officers an apparent purge of those who participated in the autocratic and atrocious regimes of universals Babangida and Abacha. His spoke person, Doyin Okupe, was quoted as saying that In future, all officers of our armed forces must recognize that the ultimate reward for participating or benefiting from coups will be premature or forced retirement from service in the minimum (Cindy Shiner, June 16, 1999).Nevertheless, I would recommend death sentence as the minimum punishment for benefiting or participating in military coups in future, and for the politicians who should conspire with other government officials to start the guinea pig treasury. There should be no sacred cows here. Any person found guilty after a due process should be give birthn the stated punishment. The consistency and bring downabi lity of this consequence will ensure discipline and professionalism in the Armed Forces. It will also guard against the excesses of our civilian politicians many of whom are in office to acquire wealth illegally, and not to serve the public. In particular, this will ensure the survival of democracy, and an antidote to corruption in Nigeria. For the actions to be legitimate, the sex act should haste and insert the appropriate provisions in our constitution.Corruption is widely known as the bane of Nigeria. This construct, corruption, has been defined as a behavior which deviates from the positive duties of a public role because of private gains regarding (personal, close family, private clique cohorts, pecuniary or status gains or violates rules against the exercise of certain types of duties for private gains regarding influence (Nye 1967, p.419). In fact, many writers have noted that it is probably the only viable industry in the society (Dike, forthcoming, August 1999). This covers grand corruption, at senior levels, and petite corruption, when junior officials take facilitation hires. The abysmal failure of military rule and our previous civilian administrations is associated with huge corruption in the state and the economy. Like other problems in the society, this essay cannot fully address the problem of corruption because of its limited focus.As Kofo Awosika pointed out in his recent piece A Presidents responsibilities great deal are poor because they are being denied access to opportunities. People steal because they are hungry and destitute. People are hungry and destitute because they cannot earn salarys. They have no wages because they have no work. They have no work because they have been retrenched. They have been retrenched because industries cannot cope with their wage bills. Industries can not cope with their wage bills because production costs have increased. Production costs have increased because our infrastructures have died. The i nfrastructures have died because the funds meant for their upgrading, repairs, maintenance and installations of others meant for the common good end (up) in private pockets (The Guardian, June 17, 1999).President Olusegun Obasanjo must not stop at his first salvo. The peoples enthusiasm and interest in the administration should not be allowed to die down. He should establish a forum for people to voice out dissent on controversial issues in the society, and procedures under which ordinary citizens can sue for any infringement on their civil rights. More importantly, a general public sector reform is apropos. Reform here refers to large-scale and nationwide change in the role, structure, values, staffing, or size of the public sector. This should also involve privatizing our ill-managed government corporations, and contracting out services in the domain of inefficient and corrupt corporations to the private sector for greater efficiency and accountability. International blueprint in the process could be adopted, but it should be adjusted to meet local conditions.The shinny for survivalAs psychology has noted, to redouble ones efforts is a healthy response to an obstacle. For Nigeria to survive as a nation, we have to remain argus-eyed and intensify our efforts in areas of deficiency. And our value-violators should be punished. In addition, our negative frame of references (e.g. the advance fee fraud 419) that are anchored in our social environment should be dismantled. We should be realistic in our struggle for survival, because the world is watching.President Obasanjo should wage war on ethnicity and nepotism, which are inimical to the unity of this great nation. This does not mean that groups would not retain their identity and work for their progress. But this should not be carried out in a manner that would undermine the unity and stability of the nation. And in future politicians who are pandering to ethnic interests should be rejected at the polling b oot. It is pressing that Nigeria is re-structured into a mobile society a nation where one could live in any state of his choice, plug employment at the state and local levels without limitations, and participate meaningfully in the affairs of the community of his abode (see Umez June 11, 1999).And hard work, good skills and news program should be rewarded strictly on merits, without regard to ethnicity and religion. This will help to tame the dangerous trend of brain-drain in the nation. It will also motivate people to give their undivided loyalty to the central government. At last, this will mean unity and the establishment of a common identity for Nigeria. But given Nigerias cultural diversity, this may not be an easy undertaking.Instead of setting up programs to encourage national unity, our leaders are dismantling or weakening the some programs that are in place. For instance, the recent reduction of the age group for prospective youth service members from 30 years to 25 ye ars by General Abubakar is a step toward scrapping the program. The National Youth Service Corps program was designed by General Yakubu Gowon after the civil war to foster national integration and reconciliation (The Post Express, June 11, 1999). One problem with our leaders is policy instability. We need more programs like the NYSC to facilitate and encourage inter-cultural interaction in the nation. President Obasanjo and his civilian administration should not allow this program to die. However, the program could be redesigned if it has not been achieving its purpose.The problem of secret cults or youth gangs in our tertiary institutions is a serious threat to the survival of Nigeria. Our universities have been turned into killing fields, instead of places of learning. The most recent incident was the killing of the principal assistant registrar at the Delta State University, Abraka (The Guardian of June 13, 1999). The congress should institute appropriate and enforceable laws aga inst cult activities on university campuses.It is recognized that there are laws around to this effect. But these laws have all not been enforced, or they have not been effective. Unenforceable laws are only good on the book. The leader who can only give modulates but cannot enforce them is not a leader by the standard of many societies. And to restore quality pedagogics in our educational institutions, the Congress and Prof. Tunde Adeniran (the recently appointed education minister), should increase funding for education and institute policies that will improve the low moral and motivation of professors and the support staff.Sound economic policies should also be instituted to alter the nations mono-product economy. The diversification of the economy would help reduce Nigerias dependence on the outside world for her basic needs (food, etc), and lend believability to claims that the country could someday join the ranks of superpowers. In particular, it will create employment for our burgeoning population. Among other measures to stimulate employment in the society is to give aid to state and local governments and accelerate public works. Our social problems (poverty, diseases, illiteracy, prostitution, crime, etc), are in one way or another related to the sour state of the economy.These things can all be done with proper leadership in Abuja. Economic development or growth (increase in an economys capacity to generate more goods and services) requires changes in human skills, attitudes, values and people have to be formally educated construct an economic infrastructure basic transportation, communication, irrigation, and other power facilities maximise agricultural productivity increase capital accumulation that is, tangible physical goods that will serve as means of production. These include machinery, technological innovations, buildings and equipment (Andrain 1975, pp.284-288).Therefore to survive, we need a strong ethic to save and invest, not simp ly to consume to develop sophisticated skills, with an educated and a highly motivated work force. As John Stuart Mill has said What a country indispensablenesss to make it richer is never consumption, but production. Where there is the latter, we may be sure that there is no want of the former(Mill, as cited in Bartlett 1981, pp.1-2). A democratic political system seems best suited to achieve this.Nigeria has been doing poorly in these areas, despite her broad oil wealth. For our economic revival efforts to be successful, the civilian administration should axe those corrupt and inefficient managers of our public utilities and facilities NEPA, NNPC, NIPOST, NITEL, the Refineries, the Ports, and other establishments that are the hub of our economy. How does one justify the payment of monthly salaries to the executives of these corporations that are not performing? No serious society can afford to do that. The salaries of our executives should be tied to their productivity that is , the effectiveness of their policies.It is imperative to understand that the underdevelopment of a country is the result of its deficient value system and economic structure (Chirot 1977, pp.2-3). It is equally important to understand that the key social forces that have fostered democracy in the United States and other stable democratic nations are not yet in Nigeria. Our deficiencies are many but we must have to give democracy a chance to survive in the society. For this, the present socioeconomic re-structuring in Nigeria should be pursued with speed and sincerity.SummaryLeadership lading is essential to the survival and progress of Nigeria. The people have an important role to play too. But the peoples commitment would be difficult to secure if the leaders who are calling on them for sacrifice do not themselves make any sacrifices. To stamp out corruption in the country, Nigerians should always select or appoint people of probity to manage the affairs of the nation. This grou p must analyze each situation in the society critically, in order to determine appropriate target of change, who should be involve in the effort, and what method will most likely lead to the desired outcome.The majority of Nigerians are lucky with the initial policy actions of the civilian administration. Nevertheless, we should keep an eagles eye on the legislature, because some of them are corrupt. Nigeria still lives in the chronicle of the future. The way our history will be written depends upon the extent to which and the manner in which we leaders and the people strive to shape our future. There is a lot of unknown in the society. But since we cannot foresee what the remote future has in store for us, we can only hope for a better tomorrow. Nigeria, the world is still watchingReferencesAchebe, Chinua (1983)The disquiet with Nigeria, Enugu, Fourth Dimension Publishers, 1983, p.1. Akintoye, Seth, et al (June 13, 1999) Cultists At Work Again In Varsities the Guardian, June 1 3, 1999. Allport, Gordon W. (1979) The Nature of Prejudice 25th Anniversary Edition, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, p.507 Andrain, Charles F. (1975) Political Life and fond Change An Introduction to Political Science, 2nd Edition, Duxbury Press, Belmont, California (1975) pp.284-288. Apter, David (1960) The Role of Traditionalism in the Political Modernization of Ghana and Uganda, World Politics, XII. Awosika, Kofo (June 17, 1999) A presidentsresponsibilities the Guardian, June 17, 1999. Bienen, Henry (1993) Leaders, Violence, and the Absence of Change in Africa Political Science Quarterly Bartlett, Bruce (1981) Reaganomics Supply Side Economics in Action. Arlington House Pub., 1981, pp.1-2. Bretton, Henry L. (1967) The Rise and affect of Kwame Nkrumah. London Pall Mall Press. Chirot, Daniel (1977) Social Change in the Twentieth Cenry Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., New York, pp.2-3. Dike, Enwere (1990) Nigeria The Political Economy of Buhari Regime, Nigeria Journal Of Intern ational Affairs, Vol. 16, No.2, pp.94-95. Dike, Victor (Forthcoming, August 1999) Leadership, Democracy, and the Nigerian Economy Lessons from the Past and Directions for the Future.(Forthcoming) August 1999.

How Creativity Has Been Applied to a Business Idea or Problem Essay

To make a transmission line grow and come across productive and efficient results you need to invoke originalness which has alship canal been an essential business skill. Since long while creativity has been applied to a business world as companies seek to engage it in tout ensemble parts of the organization to make it gain to a greater extent(prenominal) profits and to be exceptional from others. A business person has to pay off unique resolvings every day and he has to know how to react to situation creatively. Richard Florida (2002) verbalize human creativity is the ultimate economic resource. The ability to come up with tonic judgements and bust bureaus of doing things is ultimately what raises productivity and thus living standards. Every individual is creative. Creative person is defined as curious, optimistic, imaginative, hard influenceing. He enjoys ch tout ensembleenges, atomic number 18 able to accept problems easily and see them as new opportunities be sides he does not give up easily. Each of us see things in several(predicate) authority great deal atomic number 18 used to see or do, we come up with creative brains and solutions which make us to explore our creativity in more depth.Creativity is a process from where creative ideas come from and creativity is personal skill which is essential in this process. Creative thinking skills and attri only ifes explain how people are dealings with various problems or ideas. Skills such as imagination, problem solving, taking risks and reasoning help us to light upon problems, find right solutions, generate and cleanse ideas excessively picture them and apply to business process. Intuition, motivation and flexibility make us to select a proper idea, explore different ways to combine and come upon it, improve attitude towards risk and eliminate boundaries. In order to achieve his purposes person has to be egotism confident, determined and persistent. There are many ways how i ndividual can improve or climb these skills. For example, JAV company Sysco organized creative education seminars for their employers and results were stunning every participant sales increased intimately 25 30 % but this is just one example how creativity has been developed in companies in that location are more ways to do that.First of all, we need to evolve ideas and understand that there is more than one problem solution also we have to perceive that individually problem can be solved in a better or different way. The second way to improve creativity is called synthesis. Using this rule more than to ideas are compared and from them combined into completely new idea. Also, in this report I would like briefly identify some of idea generation techniques which help to derive ideas in a particular business area. Smith (1998) identified 172 idea generating techniques which he allocated to smaller groups which tell us somewhat each technique further. Idea generation technique is essential process of creativity. Brainstorming probably is the closely important technique which involves generating a lot of ideas and solutions. Brainstorming was the first technique and it is called the mother of all idea generation techniques. Also, it can be used for both groups and individuals.Second technique is collaboration when group of people are working together on purpose to achieve a particular result. They share creative ideas between each other and make a final decision in order to improve the whole process. Reflection is third idea generation technique which concentrates on previous work when designers see projects, schemes, plans or documents from where they can find a particular idea and develop it further. A fourth method is called socializing. It is intimately communicating with others about particular subject totally unrelated to the current work. Sketching similar to documenting reflects on drawing approximate scheme or plan of an idea. In order to help individuals in the idea generation process, researchers have identified methods to stimulate creative thought, generate more ideas, and expand on the solution space. Nowadays more and more organizations are using disposition tests to evaluate their employees character, to find their motivations and goals, to understand their work techniques and creativity level also to discover their barriers which they need to improve in the future.Companies have fall outed to use personality tests in the past five years so that they can find a potential employees strengths and weaknesses. If questions and answers are quite accurate and test is done properly it can help an employer to find more about persons advantages and disadvantages. It is very important to know because one of the just about important points is that most of personality tests help to recognize unqualified candidates. Although experts warn that many personality assessments dont expatriate what they promise, legitimate scient ifically validated tests are helping employers evaluate ponder candidates to select those best suited for particular positions. Other tests are designed to measure intelligence, honesty, management aptitude and other qualities. Napoleon pitcher stated ideas are the beginning points of all fortunes. When you have a great business idea it is not enough just have it somewhere in your brain, the second thing to do is to realize it in other words it is called idea feasibility.Same as this the Statesn author stated by having a successful idea you can open doors to new opportunities and attract fortune. The idea is like a new product which can be applied to a new business. The more successful the product is the better results it give give in the future. In this case creative thinking helps to discover new and helpful ideas also it leads to new business opportunities. Realize your business idea is possible in many different ways. For instance, you can start networking with various pote ntial business people from all over the world also you can organize a highly creative team and start working on a particular idea. Opportunities and ways are endless it is belong to you, your creativity level and idea success. The final pure tone after idea feasibility is action plan. Once the idea is considered and discussed you need to think about the way how it will work and how long it will takes to you to achieve your aim.Action planning is a process which will help you to focus your ideas and to decide what steps you need to take to achieve particular goals that you may have. It is a statement of what you want to achieve over a given period of time. As every planning process it involves some of basic steps which I would like to identify in my further research. ahead you start setting a plan you need to be self-motivated and innovative because our goals have to motivate us to achieve them, but not to be too difficult and unreal. Also, you have to think about all possible wa ys which can make you closer to your aim. Do not forget to think about barrier which you may meet during a working period and try to find solutions how to cope with them rough-and-readyly. When you start working on your plan you need to identify the main objectives. The second step is to prioritize each task, what need to be done first and what after. Once the list is done, you have to start working and use your own initiative, some people prefer working individually others may like to work in a team, it is important to choose your preferable work technique then work will be done quicker.Also, one of the most important steps is to finish the work to a deadline. To sum up, effective planning gives us basic steps so that we would be able to reach our objectives and it helps us to realize our ideas. In this report I have considered the main topics of creativity and it process. I explained how creativity has been applied in business process and organizations. Which personal qualities make individuals be more creative and how they can apply these skills to realize business ideas or solve problems creatively. Which part personality tests take in a business companies and what is the main meaning of them, why employers use this technique when they want to select the right participant to take a place in the organization. As well as, I considered the main factors about idea feasibility and explained techniques which are essential to idea generation.I identified the basic steps of action planning also exposit them in more depth so that it would be more easy to understand and try it in practice. If you consider yourself being creative you have to start setting a plan how to realize your ideas and you may have considerable results in the future. Creativity is a substantial tool which lead people to find right decisions and solve problems using their own initiative or special methods which are unusual for those who are not creative. It helps to set new strategies and pro ducts that employers apply to business. It is highly likely that your creativity has been diminished by social norms and life experience, but it can be fostered and revived. You may not even think you are creative, but that is not true. Creativity is our birth right it is part of what makes us human.List of ReferencesUniversity of Kent (2010) Action Planning online ready(prenominal) from http//www.kent.ac.uk/careers/sk/skillsactionplanning.htm 26 December 2010 The CBS Interactive Business Network (2002) Personality counts Psychological tests can help peg the job applicants best suited for certain jobs Cover Story online available from http//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3495/is_2_47/ai_83058907/ 27 December 2010 SCORE Counselors to Americas Small Business (2010) How to Incorporate Creativity into Your Business Practice online available from http//www.score.org/article_how_to_creativity.html 27 December 2010 The IEEE computer Society (2008) Idea Generation Techniques among Cr eative Professionals online available from 28 December 2010

How the internet works Essay

Although the details of routing and software are complex, the operation of the lucre from the users perspective is fairly straight forward. As an example of what happens when the Internet is used, consider that you type the URL www. helpmegetoutofthis. com into the Netscape browser. The browser contacts a DNS server to get the IP address. A DNS server would start its search for an IP address.If it starts the IP address for the site, and so it returns the IP address to the browser, which indeed contacts the server for www.helpmegetoutofthis. com, which then transmits the web page to your estimator and browser so you sewer view it. The user is not aware that of the operation of an base of operations of routers and transmittal lines behind this action of retrieving a web page and transmitting the entropy from one computer to other. The infrastructure of the meshing keister be seen as a massive array of selective information relay nodes (routers) connect by data infection lines, where to each one node can service sextuple transmitting lines.In the general case where information must be sent across several nodes before creation received, there will be many possible leadways over which this contagion system might occur. The routers serve to find a path for the data transmittal to occur. The routing of a archive or data packets of a file is either be done by the technique of source routing or the technique of end point routing. In source routing, the path the data transmission will follow id specified at the source of the transmission, plot of ground destination routing is controlled by the routers along the path.In the modern internet, almost all routing is done by destination routing because of security issues associated with source routing. Thus, the routers must be programmed with protocols that allow a reasonable, perhaps optimum, path choice for each data packet. For the routers to choose an optimum path also requires that the interconn ected routers communicate information concerning local transmission line rhythmic pattern. Router communication is thus itself a massive information transfer process, given that there is more than 100,000 networks and millions of hosts on the Internet.When viewing the enormity of the line of work, it is perhaps easier to understand why engineers have accepted a sub-optimal ancestor to the problem of efficiency in data transfer on the Internet. When initially confronting a problem, the practical engineer approach is to simplify the problem to the point where a working solution can be obtained and then refine that solution once the system is functional. Some of the simplifying assumptions used by engineers for the current internet data transmission system include.1) A transmission line is never over capacity and is always operable as a path choice. 2) The performance of the router and transmission line does not depend on the make out of traffic. These two assumptions do simplif y the problem of path choice considerably because now all the transmission lines and nodes may be considered equal in capacity and performance completely independent of traffic. As such, it is a much simpler optimization problem consisting of finding the route with the shortest path length.To simplify the problem even further, another assumption is made 3) Consider that an Autonomous System (AS), is a small internet inside the Internet. An AS is generally considered to be a sub-network of an Internet with a common administrative authority and is regulated by a specific castigate of administrative guidelines. It is assumed that e real AS is the same and provides the same performance. The problem of Internet routing can now be broken down into the simpler problem of selecting optimum paths inside the AS and then considering the optimum paths between the AS.Since there are only around 15,000 active ASs on the Internet, the overall problem is reduced to finding the best route over 15,0 00 AS nodes, and then the much simpler problem of finding the best route through each AS. There is an important (to this thesis) cook of protocols which control the exchange of routing information between the ASs. The sort of routers in an AS which communicates with the rest of the internet and other ASs are called border routers. Border routers are controlled by a set of programming instructions known as Border Gateway Protocol, BGP.A more detailed intervention of computer networking principals and the Internet facts can be found in e. g. 7. An Introduction to Router Protocols. Routers are computers connected to multiple networks and programmed to control the data transmission between the networks. Usually, there are multiple paths that are possible for transmission of data between two points on the Internet. The routers involved in the transmission between two points can be programmed to choose the best path based on some metric. The protocols used to determine the path for data transmission are routing algorithms.Typical metrics used by routing algorithms include path length, bandwidth, load, reliability, moderate (or latency) and communication cost. Path length. Path length is a geometric measure of how long the transmission lines are. The routers can be programmed to assign weights to each transmission line proportional to the length of the line or each network node. The path length is then the sum of the weights of the nodes, lines or lines plus nodes along the possible transmission path. Bandwidth. Bandwidth is used to describe the available transmission rate (bps) of a given section the possible transmission path.An open 64 kbps line would not generally be chosen as the pathway for data transmission if an open 10 Mbps Ethernet link is also open, assuming everything else is equal. However, some ages the higher bandwidth path is very busy and the time required for transmission on a busy, high bandwidth line is actually eternal than on a path with a l ower bandwidth. Load. This data packet transmission per unit time or the percent of CPU utilization of a router on a given path is referred to as the load on this path.Reliability.The reliability of a data transmission path can be quantitatively described as the bit error rate and results in the assignment of numeric reliability metrics for the possible data transmission pathways. Delay. The delay in data transmission along a sealed path is due to a combination of the metrics that have already been discussed, including geometric length of the transmission lines, bandwidth, and data traffic congestion. Because of the hybrid nature of the communications delay metric, it is commonly used in routing algorithms.